Pillar 1: National Governance, Statutes & Legal Precedents
Union Cabinet decisions, statutory enactments, and Supreme Court constitutional bench verdicts
- Implementation of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Replaced the Indian Penal Code 1860; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) replaced CrPC 1973; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) replaced the Indian Evidence Act 1872. Key provisions: Introduction of Community Service for minor offenses, electronic summons, zero FIR mandates, and forensic videography.
- One Nation, One Election (High-Level Committee Report): Committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind recommended synchronized two-phase elections: Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies in the first phase, followed by Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats within 100 days.
- Sub-Classification of Scheduled Castes (Supreme Court Verdict): A 7-judge Constitution Bench held that states possess constitutional power under Article 341 to create sub-classifications within SC/ST categories to provide preferential reservation to more backward sub-castes (overruling the 2004 E.V. Chinnaiah ruling).
Pillar 2: Space Exploration, Defense Indigenisation & S&T
ISRO roadmap, DRDO missile tests, naval inductions, and semiconductor initiatives
- ISRO Gaganyaan Mission: India's inaugural human spaceflight program designed to launch a 3-member crew to a 400 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for a 3-day mission using the Human Rated LVM3 (HLVM3) rocket. Uncrewed flight tests with humanoid robot Vyommitra.
- Aditya-L1 Solar Observatory: Placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system (1.5 million km from Earth). Continuous unhindered observation of the solar corona, chromospheric flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
- India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Cabinet approvals for five commercial semiconductor fabrication units across Gujarat and Assam, led by Tata Electronics in collaboration with Powerchip (PSMC) Taiwan.
- Mission Divyastra (Agni-5 with MIRV): Successful flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 ballistic missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, capable of delivering multiple nuclear warheads across separate targets. Range: 5,000+ km.
Pillar 3: Macroeconomics, Trade & Financial Regulations
Fiscal targets, GDP growth rates, foreign trade pacts, and digital rupee developments
- India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA): Historic free trade agreement signed between India and the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) securing $100 billion in direct investment commitments over 15 years.
- Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC - Digital Rupee / e$): RBI's wholesale (e$-W) and retail (e$-R) digital currency pilots, interoperable with standard UPI QR codes.
- Fiscal Consolidation Pathway: Central Government reaffirmed adherence to the FRBM glide path to reduce the Fiscal Deficit to below 4.5% of GDP by FY 2025-26.